{"id":945,"date":"2026-10-03T05:19:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-03T09:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/?page_id=945"},"modified":"2026-10-04T16:32:36","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T20:32:36","slug":"art-history-timeline","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/fr\/art-history-timeline","title":{"rendered":"Art History Timeline: West and East, Side by Side"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Marcellus&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;1,400&display=swap\">\n<style>\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl :is(h1,h2,h3,h4,p,a,ul,ol,li,dl,dt,dd,figure,figcaption,img,button,section,details,summary,span,b,i,small,div):not(:where(.tl-timeline, .tl-timeline *)) { all: revert; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl { all: revert; display: block; width: 100vw; max-width: 100vw; margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw); padding: 1px 0 3rem; background: var(--ground); color: var(--ink); font-family: var(--body); font-size: 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max-width: 65ch; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism a { color: var(--schism) !important; font-weight: 600; text-underline-offset: .2em; }\n@media (max-width: 46rem) { #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .side.both { grid-column: auto; } }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .tl-timeline .tl-full-color-background .tl-text a.read { color: #fff !important; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.whole img { object-fit: contain; background: #000; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism.east-break .side { border-left: 4px solid var(--schism); padding-left: .9rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism.east-break { border-top: 0; padding-top: 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .yrs { color: var(--schism); font-weight: 600; margin: -.2rem 0 .5rem !important; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .aside { color: var(--muted); font-size: .95rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates { margin: .75rem 0 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: max-content minmax(0, 1fr); gap: .25rem 1rem; font-size: .92rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates div { display: contents; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates dt { color: var(--schism); font-weight: 600; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates dd { margin: 0; }\n@media (max-width: 30rem) { #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates dd { margin-bottom: .4rem; } }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .sources p { margin: 0 0 1rem; max-width: 65ch; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .link-line { margin-top: .6rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box { border: 1px solid var(--patina); padding: .8rem .9rem; margin: 0 0 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box h5 { font-family: var(--display); font-weight: 400; font-size: 1.1rem; margin: 0 0 .3rem; color: var(--patina); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box p { margin: 0; font-size: .95rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates.plain dt { color: var(--patina); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.wide { margin: .5rem 0 .9rem; max-width: 40rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.wide img { aspect-ratio: auto; width: 100%; height: auto; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .commune .dates { max-width: 40rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.pair { max-width: 40rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.pair .fig.whole img { background: var(--case, #fff); aspect-ratio: 1 \/ 1; object-position: center; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .dates a { color: var(--schism) !important; text-underline-offset: .2em; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .8rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story p { color: var(--ink); font-size: 1.05rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story p:first-child { font-family: var(--display); font-size: 1.25rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story-wrap { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 3fr) minmax(0, 2fr); gap: 1.5rem 2.5rem; align-items: start; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .light-fig { margin: 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .light-fig img { display: block; width: 100%; height: auto; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .light-fig figcaption { margin-top: .5rem; font-size: .88rem; color: var(--muted); }\n@media (max-width: 50rem) { #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story-wrap { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box .fig { margin: 0 0 .7rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box .fig img { aspect-ratio: auto; width: 100%; height: auto; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.wide.icon { max-width: 20rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .invite { border: 1px dashed var(--muted); padding: .7rem .9rem; font-size: .95rem; color: var(--muted); max-width: 28rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .invite b { color: var(--ink); font-weight: 600; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .invite a { color: var(--patina) !important; font-weight: 600; text-underline-offset: .2em; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .wrap { max-width: 84rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart-head, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 0 3rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart-head span:first-child { display: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band { padding-block: 2rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band .when-col { grid-column: 1 \/ -1; margin-bottom: .9rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band h3 { font-size: 1.5rem; color: var(--ink); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism h3 { color: var(--schism); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band h4 { font-size: 1.6rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.deep .side.both, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .side.both { grid-column: 1 \/ -1; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.n1, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.n2 { grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1.4rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs:not(.pair) .fig:first-child { grid-column: 1 \/ -1; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs .fig img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.n1 .fig img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs .fig.whole img { width: 100%; height: auto; aspect-ratio: auto; max-height: 44rem; object-fit: contain; object-position: left top; background: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig figcaption { font-size: .95rem; margin-top: .6rem; max-width: 60ch; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.pair { max-width: 64rem; align-items: end; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs.pair .fig.whole img { aspect-ratio: auto; background: none; max-height: 34rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.wide { max-width: 60rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .fig.wide.icon { max-width: 26rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .commune .dates { max-width: 48rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics { max-width: 64rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics img { height: 360px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .card img { width: 120px; height: 120px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .card, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .card a { gap: 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .card span { font-size: 1.05rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .cards { gap: 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .note-box { padding: 1.1rem 1.2rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story-wrap { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(0, 1fr); gap: 2rem 3rem; }\n@media (max-width: 46rem) {\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart-head, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band .when-col, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.deep .side.both, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .band.schism .side.both { grid-column: auto; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics img { height: 180px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .card img { width: 88px; height: 88px; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 50rem) { #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .story-wrap { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .8rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread ol { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr)); gap: 1.5rem; counter-reset: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread li { min-width: 0; position: relative; border-top: 3px solid var(--schism); padding-top: .7rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread li + li::before { content: \"\\2192 \"; position: absolute; left: -1.25rem; top: -1.05rem; color: var(--schism); font-size: 1.3rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread a { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .2rem; color: var(--ink) !important; text-decoration: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread a:hover b { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: .2em; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread a:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--schism); outline-offset: 3px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread .yr { color: var(--schism); font-weight: 600; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread b { font-family: var(--display); font-weight: 400; font-size: 1.25rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread a span:last-child { font-size: .95rem; color: var(--muted); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl #france-1789, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl #commune-1871, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl #russia-1917, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl #china-1966 { scroll-margin-top: 4rem; }\n@media (max-width: 46rem) { #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread ol { grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr); } #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread li + li::before { content: \"\\2193 \"; left: 0; top: -1.6rem; } #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .thread ol { gap: 2rem; } }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl { font-size: 1.0625rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart [hidden] { display: none !important; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail { display: flex; overflow-x: auto; border-bottom: 2px solid var(--ink); scrollbar-width: thin; scroll-margin-top: 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button { flex: 1 0 auto; display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: .1rem; align-items: flex-start; background: none; border: 0; border-bottom: 4px solid transparent; margin-bottom: -2px; padding: .65rem .7rem .5rem; cursor: pointer; font-family: var(--display); font-size: 1.05rem; color: var(--muted); white-space: nowrap; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button small { font-family: var(--body); font-size: .74rem; font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button:hover { color: var(--ink); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button[aria-selected=\"true\"] { color: var(--ink); background: var(--case); border-bottom-color: var(--patina); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button.red { color: var(--schism); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button.red[aria-selected=\"true\"] { border-bottom-color: var(--schism); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .rail button:focus-visible, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .pager button:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--patina); outline-offset: -2px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .pager { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 1rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--line); padding-top: .9rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .pager button { background: none; border: 0; padding: .3rem 0; cursor: pointer; font-family: var(--display); font-size: 1.1rem; color: var(--patina); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .pager button:hover { text-decoration: underline; text-underline-offset: .2em; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .pager button[disabled] { visibility: hidden; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer { gap: 0; min-height: 30rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .chart-head { display: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band { border: 0; padding-block: 1.1rem .6rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band.schism { border-top: 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band.schism.east-break { padding-top: 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .side-label { display: block; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band h3 { font-size: 1.15rem; color: var(--muted); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band.schism h3 { color: var(--schism); }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .when-col { margin-bottom: .5rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.n1, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.n2, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.pair { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: flex-start; gap: 1rem 1.1rem; max-width: none; margin: 0 0 1.2rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs .fig, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs:not(.pair) .fig:first-child, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .fig.wide { display: table; margin: 0; min-width: 9rem; max-width: 100%; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .fig.wide { margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs .fig img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.n1 .fig img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs .fig.whole img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.pair .fig.whole img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .fig.wide img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .note-box .fig img { height: 14.5rem; width: auto; max-width: 100%; max-height: none; aspect-ratio: auto; object-fit: contain; object-position: left top; background: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .fig figcaption { display: table-caption; caption-side: bottom; font-size: .88rem; line-height: 1.4; margin-top: .45rem; max-width: none; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .east-break .figs .fig img { height: 9.5rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .east-break .figs .fig { min-width: 8rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .note-box .fig { display: table; float: left; margin: 0 1.1rem .6rem 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .note-box .fig img { height: 11rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .note-box::after { content: \"\"; display: block; clear: both; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .deep-pics { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1rem; max-width: none; margin: 0; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .deep-pics img { height: 14.5rem; width: auto; max-width: 100%; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both:has(figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics) { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0, max-content) minmax(18rem, 1fr); gap: 0 2.5rem; align-items: start; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both:has(figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics) > h4 { grid-column: 1 \/ -1; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > .deep-pics { grid-column: 1; grid-row: 2 \/ span 6; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both:has(figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics) > p, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both:has(figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics) > dl { grid-column: 2; max-width: 60ch; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .card img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .cards { gap: .6rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .card span { font-size: 1rem; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .dates { font-size: .9rem; }\n@media (max-width: 64rem) {\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both:has(figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .deep-pics) { display: block; }\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > figure, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > .figs, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .band .side.both > .deep-pics { margin-bottom: 1rem; }\n}\n@media (max-width: 46rem) {\n#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs .fig img, #etl#etl#etl#etl#etl#etl .chart.explorer .figs.n1 .fig img, 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He linked them to vigour, grandeur, grace and imitation, running from the origins of Greek art through Phidias, Praxiteles and Lysippos to the late 2nd century AD.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which Chinese dynasties were contemporary with ancient Greece, Rome and the Renaissance?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Ancient Greece (800\\u2013146 BC) runs alongside the Zhou, Qin and early Han dynasties. Rome (146 BC\\u2013AD 476) runs alongside the Han and the Six Dynasties. The Renaissance (1400\\u20131600) falls within the Ming dynasty (1368\\u20131644).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What art was destroyed in the French Revolution?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In August 1792 the royal statues of Paris were pulled down and melted, Girardon\\u2019s equestrian Louis XIV among them. 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The breaks that came after 1900, in Russia and in China, are marked in red.\"}}]}]}<\/script>\n<div id=\"etl\" class=\"etl\"><div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"etl-header\">\n<h1>Art History Timeline: West and East, Side by Side<\/h1>\n<p class=\"lede\">An art history timeline of Western art and the Chinese dynasties, from prehistory to 1900, period by period, and what became of that tradition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"why\">\n<h2>What this art history timeline follows<\/h2>\n<div class=\"story-wrap\">\n<div class=\"story\">\n<p>This timeline sets the art of West and East side by side. It follows one thread in particular: how the great tradition of Western art came to rest in France, and what happened to it there.<\/p>\n<p>I think of the great tradition of Western art as a light, handed from one keeper to the next. In the Renaissance it burned in Italy: in Florence and Venice, and then in Rome, where the Church commissioned its greatest works. From Italy it passed to France. Francis I brought Leonardo da Vinci to his court in 1516 and sheltered him until his death. Under Louis XIV, Paris became the centre of art, and the collections France built are among the finest in the world. France became the guardian of that flame.<\/p>\n<p>That is why I give so much room to the Revolution of 1789, which destroyed a great deal of it. What it unleashed was a spirit of destruction, and I do not hesitate to call it evil: it set out to tear down what was sacred and beautiful. Like a poison, it did not stay where it began. From France it spread to Russia in 1917 and from there to China, where the Communist Party carried it into the Cultural Revolution. This is what I follow: the destruction of that light, which I understand as the Light of the Creator, through the destruction of art and culture. For the Creator is himself the first and greatest of artists. Vasari opens his <i>Lives<\/i> with God shaping the first man from clay, the first sculpture; Dante calls human art the grandchild of God. Man, made in his image, bears that same light of creation. I follow it into the present, in the ideas that still set themselves against that tradition.<\/p>\n<p>That light was of course present in other times and other eras too: in Egypt, in Greece, in China, wherever art conveyed the spirit of its subject, as the Eastern tradition has always understood it. So for me art is more than images. Its beauty has a link to other realms. I can&#8217;t quite put that into words, but I feel it deep in my heart. It has been my own flame for as long as I can remember.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure class=\"light-fig\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-light-giaquinto-birth-of-the-sun.jpg\" alt=\"Apollo, radiant in a golden sky among clouds, with gods and figures gathered below\" width=\"1188\" height=\"1400\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1188\/1400\">\n<figcaption>Corrado Giaquinto, The Birth of the Sun and the Triumph of Bacchus, 1762. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid.<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<dl>\n<div><dt>Two traditions, side by side<\/dt><dd>Eastern art conveys the spirit of its subject. Western art is built on precise, refined technique. They are two systems, each with its own foundation, so I show them in two rows and two columns and do not merge them.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>Where they met<\/dt><dd>Greek sculpture influenced the first images of the Buddha. My essay on the <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\">Gandharan Buddha of the Future<\/a> looks at that meeting.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>What was lost?<\/dt><dd>Art carries more than a culture. It carries its spiritual life: what a people held sacred. When it is destroyed, how much of that memory goes with it? Much of what we call Greek sculpture is known only through Roman copies. What else was there that no one copied?<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>Where I stop<\/dt><dd>With Impressionism and abstraction, art turned away from that tradition. The timeline ends at 1900, where that turn begins, and marks in red the breaks that came before and after.<\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"thread\">\n<h2>One thread, from Paris to Beijing<\/h2>\n<p class=\"note\">The four breaks marked in red on this page are one story. Each revolution took the one before it as its model.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#france-1789\"><span class=\"yr\">1789<\/span><b>The French Revolution<\/b><span>Royal statues, tombs and churches are destroyed. The Academy is abolished.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#commune-1871\"><span class=\"yr\">1871<\/span><b>The Paris Commune<\/b><span>Looking back to 1789, the Commune burns the Tuileries and the H&#244;tel de Ville.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#russia-1917\"><span class=\"yr\">1917<\/span><b>The Russian Revolution<\/b><span>Lenin takes the Commune as his model. Palaces are ransacked and treasures sold abroad.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#china-1966\"><span class=\"yr\">1966&#8211;1976<\/span><b>The Cultural Revolution<\/b><span>The party founded on the Soviet model sets out to destroy the &#8220;Four Olds&#8221;.<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"index\">\n<h2>The timeline of art history, West and East<\/h2>\n<p class=\"note\">West on the left, East on the right, one period per row. The breaks are in red.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"chart\">\n<div class=\"chart-head\"><span><\/span><span>West<\/span><span>East<\/span><\/div>\n<section class=\"band deep\" data-tab=\"Before\" data-years=\"210 million years ago\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>About 210 million years ago<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side both\"><h4>Before anything on this timeline<\/h4><div class=\"deep-pics\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-deep-time-megalodon.jpg\" alt=\"White outlines of fossil shells in dark grey limestone\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:600\/800\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-deep-time-mountain.jpg\" alt=\"Grey limestone cliffs with a footpath cut into the rock\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/600\"><\/div><p class=\"deep-text\">Megalodons: giant sea shells, fossilised in Dachstein limestone. They lived in a warm, shallow, tropical sea in the Upper Triassic. Mountain people called their outlines <i>Kuhtritte<\/i>, cow hoof prints, taking them for the tracks of cattle turned to stone.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Prehistory\" data-years=\"before 3000 BC\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>before 3000 BC<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Prehistory<\/h4><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-biface.jpg\" alt=\"Biface.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"377\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:377\/800\"><figcaption>Biface. Flint. Paleolithic, Acheulean, 700,000&#8211;200,000 BC. Found in Aisne, France. One of the largest and most finely crafted bifaces found in France. Was it meant to be a tool, or was it valued for its appearance and kept for another use?<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-horse.jpg\" alt=\"Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"430\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/430\"><figcaption>Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory. 16,000&#8211;13,000 years old. Found at Lourdes, France. Shown here in a cast; the original is in the Mus&#233;e des Antiquit&#233;s Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory.jpg\" alt=\"Long before writing, toolmakers shaped flint by knapping: striking flakes from the stone until an edge and a form remained.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"567\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:567\/800\"><figcaption>Long before writing, toolmakers shaped flint by knapping: striking flakes from the stone until an edge and a form remained.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig whole\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-hindsgavl.jpg\" alt=\"Hindsgavl Dagger.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"314\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:314\/800\"><figcaption>Hindsgavl Dagger. Flint, c. 1900&#8211;1800 BC, late Nordic Stone Age. A fishtail dagger 29.5 cm long and under 1 cm thick, knapped to the shape of the bronze daggers then reaching the North. Found in 1867 on the island of F&#230;n&#248;, Denmark. National Museum of Denmark. <span class=\"credit\">Photo: Nationalmuseet, Arnold Mikkelsen, CC BY-SA 3.0.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><p class=\"none\">Before the first dynasties<\/p><div class=\"invite\"><b>Still open.<\/b> Do you know a work that belongs in this place? <a href=\"#\" class=\"mail\" data-u=\"hello\" data-d=\"eleonora.nyc\">Tell me<\/a>, and help me complete it.<\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Egypt\" data-years=\"3000&#8211;800 BC\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>3000&#8211;800 BC<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Ancient Egypt<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> Egyptian: older style<\/p><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt-kaipunesut.jpg\" alt=\"Statue of Kaipunesut.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"511\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:511\/800\"><\/a><figcaption>Statue of Kaipunesut. Probably Dynasty 4, time of Djedefre (c. 2528&#8211;2520 BC) or somewhat later. Acacia wood. His belt names him &#8220;Royal Carpenter&#8221;; he may have had a hand in his own statue. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt.jpg\" alt=\"Fragment of a Queen&#8217;s Face. New Kingdom, mid Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III or Akhenaten (c. 1353&#8211;1336 BC). Jasper.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"707\" height=\"635\" style=\"aspect-ratio:707\/635\"><\/a><figcaption>Fragment of a Queen&#8217;s Face. New Kingdom, mid Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III or Akhenaten (c. 1353&#8211;1336 BC). Jasper. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-mus.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/539\"><span><span class=\"when\">New Kingdom, c. 1325 BC<\/span>How an Early Childhood Museum Experience Shaped My Life: Exploring the Egyptian Museum of Cairo<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Shang<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">c. 1600&#8211;1046 BC<\/span><\/li><li><b>Zhou<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1046&#8211;256 BC<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"invite\"><b>Still open.<\/b> Do you know a work that belongs in this place? <a href=\"#\" class=\"mail\" data-u=\"hello\" data-d=\"eleonora.nyc\">Tell me<\/a>, and help me complete it.<\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Greece\" data-years=\"800&#8211;146 BC\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>800&#8211;146 BC<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Ancient Greece<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> Greek: older, high and beautiful styles<\/p><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-athlete.jpg\" alt=\"Small marble statue of an athlete.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"673\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:673\/800\"><\/a><figcaption>Small marble statue of an athlete. Greek, Hellenistic, 3rd or 2nd century BC. He is fastening a headband with a chinstrap, the mark of a competitor in boxing, wrestling or the pankration. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-riace.jpg\" alt=\"The Riace warriors, reconstructed in colour.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"731\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:731\/800\"><figcaption>The Riace warriors, reconstructed in colour. Modern reconstructions, from the Brinkmanns&#8217; research, of two Greek bronzes of the Classical period. Different alloys, patinas, inlaid metals and stones made such statues so lifelike that visitors to the sanctuaries are said to have believed them alive.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">c. 430 BC<\/span>Diadumenus, &#8220;He Who Attaches&#8221; a Band around His Forehead<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-paris-2024-olympics\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-pa.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">c. 430&#8211;420 BC<\/span>Diadumenus and Olympic Legacy: Ancient Athleticism<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-such-refined-bronze-sculptures\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-suc.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">3rd&#8211;2nd century BC<\/span>Ancient Greek Bronze Veiled in Mystery<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/600\"><span><span class=\"when\">3rd&#8211;2nd century BC<\/span>Sleeping Eros Statue: A Rare Bronze Masterpiece from Hellenistic Greece<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Zhou<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1046&#8211;256 BC<\/span><\/li><li><b>Qin<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">221&#8211;206 BC<\/span><\/li><li><b>Han<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">206 BC&#8211;AD 220<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"invite\"><b>Still open.<\/b> Do you know a work that belongs in this place? <a href=\"#\" class=\"mail\" data-u=\"hello\" data-d=\"eleonora.nyc\">Tell me<\/a>, and help me complete it.<\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Rome\" data-years=\"146 BC&#8211;AD 476\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>146 BC&#8211;AD 476<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Rome<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> Greek: style of the imitators<\/p><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome.jpg\" alt=\"Marble head of Socrates.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"522\" height=\"666\" style=\"aspect-ratio:522\/666\"><figcaption>Marble head of Socrates. Roman, Imperial period; copy of a Greek bronze statue of c. 350 BC often attributed to Lysippos. The sculptor gave the philosopher the features of a silenos, the wise old teacher among the followers of Dionysos.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-emperor.jpg\" alt=\"Seated statue of a Roman emperor, crowned with laurel. Marble, c. AD 115&#8211;130. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, beside the Market Gate of Miletus.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"621\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:621\/800\"><figcaption>Seated statue of a Roman emperor, crowned with laurel. Marble, c. AD 115&#8211;130. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, beside the Market Gate of Miletus.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-astragaloi.jpg\" alt=\"Girl playing astragaloi (knucklebones).\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"429\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:429\/800\"><figcaption>Girl playing astragaloi (knucklebones). Marble, c. AD 150, the head c. AD 200. Found in Rome, on the eastern slope of the Caelian Hill. The seated girl goes back to a late Hellenistic model; her portrait-like face suggests the statue was made for a tomb. Antikensammlung, Berlin.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-amazon.jpg\" alt=\"Marble statue of a wounded Amazon.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"351\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:351\/800\"><\/a><figcaption>Marble statue of a wounded Amazon. Roman, Imperial period, 1st&#8211;2nd century AD; copy of a Greek bronze of c. 450&#8211;425 BC. Pliny tells of a contest at Ephesos in which five of the greatest sculptors, Phidias and Polykleitos among them, each made an Amazon for the temple of Artemis. The sculptors themselves were the judges: each named the best work after his own, and Polykleitos won. This type of statue is associated with that contest. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Han<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">206 BC&#8211;AD 220<\/span><\/li><li><b>Six Dynasties<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">220&#8211;589<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-buddha.jpg\" alt=\"Seated Buddha.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"553\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:553\/800\"><\/a><figcaption>Seated Buddha. Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), 1st to mid-2nd century. Bronze with traces of gold leaf. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-maitreya.jpg\" alt=\"Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya (Buddha of the Future). Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), c. 3rd century. Schist.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"346\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:346\/800\"><\/a><figcaption>Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya (Buddha of the Future). Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), c. 3rd century. Schist. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-fu.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">3rd century AD<\/span>Gandharan Schist of the Buddha Of The Future<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Middle Ages\" data-years=\"476&#8211;1400\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>476&#8211;1400<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Middle Ages<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> No stage in his scheme<\/p><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-the-legacy-of-hartolfr\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-t.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">AD 800&#8211;900<\/span>Unlocking the Enigma of a Viking Sword: The Legacy of Hartolfr<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Six Dynasties<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">220&#8211;589<\/span><\/li><li><b>Sui<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">581&#8211;618<\/span><\/li><li><b>Tang<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">618&#8211;907<\/span><\/li><li><b>Five Dynasties<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">907&#8211;960<\/span><\/li><li><b>Song<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">960&#8211;1279<\/span><\/li><li><b>Yuan<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1271&#8211;1368<\/span><\/li><li><b>Ming<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1368&#8211;1644<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"figs n2\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china-tang.jpg\" alt=\"Figure of a Seated Court Lady. Tang dynasty (618&#8211;907), 8th century. Earthenware with tricolor (sancai) glaze.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"422\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:422\/800\"><figcaption>Figure of a Seated Court Lady. Tang dynasty (618&#8211;907), 8th century. Earthenware with tricolor (sancai) glaze.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china.jpg\" alt=\"Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin). Possibly Northern Song dynasty (960&#8211;1127), late 10th&#8211;early 11th century.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"553\" height=\"697\" style=\"aspect-ratio:553\/697\"><figcaption>Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin). Possibly Northern Song dynasty (960&#8211;1127), late 10th&#8211;early 11th century.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-dainichi.jpg\" alt=\"Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha (Mahavairocana). Japan, Heian period (794&#8211;1185), 12th century. Wood with lacquer and gold leaf.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"481\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:481\/800\"><figcaption>Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha (Mahavairocana). Japan, Heian period (794&#8211;1185), 12th century. Wood with lacquer and gold leaf.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-tibet-buddha.jpg\" alt=\"Buddha Shakyamuni.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"622\" height=\"799\" style=\"aspect-ratio:622\/799\"><figcaption>Buddha Shakyamuni. Central Tibet, 12th century. The Buddha sits in meditation, his right hand lowered to call the earth to witness at the moment before his enlightenment. A flame rises from the crown of his head, a feature rarely shown.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-wang-meng-simple-retreat.jpg\" alt=\"Wang Meng (c. 1308&#8211;1385), Simple Retreat (detail), c. 1370. Late Yuan or early Ming dynasty.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"600\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:600\/800\"><figcaption>Wang Meng (c. 1308&#8211;1385), Simple Retreat (detail), c. 1370. Late Yuan or early Ming dynasty.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and-beyond-the-west\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/532\"><span><span class=\"when\">Mid-7th century<\/span>Origins of Oil Painting: More Ancient and Beyond the West<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-faith-with-a-sculpture\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-fai.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">First half of the 11th century<\/span>India&#8217;s Oldest Continuously Practiced Faith with a Sculpture<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">1206&#8211;1294<\/span>Mongol Empire: Cultivating Artistic Renaissance Across Realms<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Renaissance\" data-years=\"1400&#8211;1600\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1400&#8211;1600<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Renaissance<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> Modern: dry and stiff, then the height (Michelangelo and Raphael)<\/p><div class=\"figs n1\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-renaissance-garbo.jpg\" alt=\"Raffaellino del Garbo (born Florence before 1479, died Florence 1524 or 1527), Mary with the Child and Two Angels Making Music.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"737\" height=\"758\" style=\"aspect-ratio:737\/758\"><figcaption>Raffaellino del Garbo (born Florence before 1479, died Florence 1524 or 1527), Mary with the Child and Two Angels Making Music. Gem&#228;ldegalerie, Berlin.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-mast.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">1480<\/span>From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exhibition-raphaels-masterpieces-united-for-the-first-time-in-the-u-s\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exh.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">c. 1509&#8211;11<\/span>A First Look at a Once-in-a-Lifetime Exhibition: Raphael&#8217;s Masterpieces United for the First Time in the U.S.<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians-approach\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">c. 1520<\/span>The Italian Oil Painting Process: Titian&#8217;s Approach<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Ming<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1368&#8211;1644<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"invite\"><b>Still open.<\/b> Do you know a work that belongs in this place? <a href=\"#\" class=\"mail\" data-u=\"hello\" data-d=\"eleonora.nyc\">Tell me<\/a>, and help me complete it.<\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Baroque\" data-years=\"1600&#8211;1750\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1600&#8211;1750<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Baroque and Rococo<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> Modern: the imitators (the Carracci to Maratta)<\/p><div class=\"note-box\"><h5>Paris becomes the centre of art<\/h5><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-light-louis-xiv-arts.jpg\" alt=\"A portrait of Louis XIV in a gilded oval frame, set among musical instruments, books, a globe and a bust of Minerva\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"628\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/628\"><figcaption>Jean Garnier, Allegory of Louis XIV, Protector of the Arts and Sciences, 1672. Palace of Versailles.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Under Louis XIV the centre of Western art moved from Rome to Paris. The crown took the arts in hand: an academy to train artists, a French school in Rome to study the ancients, and the Salon to show the results. For the next two centuries, artists across Europe looked to Paris.<\/p><dl class=\"dates plain\"><div><dt>1648<\/dt><dd>The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture is founded in Paris.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1661&#8211;1664<\/dt><dd>Colbert takes charge of the Academy for Louis XIV, with Charles Le Brun at its head.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1666<\/dt><dd>The French Academy in Rome is founded.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1667<\/dt><dd>The first Salon is held.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1725<\/dt><dd>The Salon settles in the Salon Carr&#233; of the Louvre.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">1653<\/span>Louis XIV as Apollo in &#8220;Ballet de la Nuit&#8221; (1653): A Symbol of Absolute Monarchy<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">1683<\/span>Timeless Bodies: Measuring and Capturing Ancient Beauty<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvre\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvr.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">Late 17th century<\/span>Exploring &#8220;Time Lifting up Virtue and the Arts&#8221; Sculpture at the Louvre<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card art\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-baroque-and-rococo-batoni.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"631\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:631\/800\"><span><span class=\"when\">1740<\/span>Pompeo Batoni, Allegory of the Arts<span class=\"when\">St&#228;del Museum, Frankfurt<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Ming<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1368&#8211;1644<\/span><\/li><li><b>Qing<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1644&#8211;1911<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"invite\"><b>Still open.<\/b> Do you know a work that belongs in this place? <a href=\"#\" class=\"mail\" data-u=\"hello\" data-d=\"eleonora.nyc\">Tell me<\/a>, and help me complete it.<\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"Neoclassicism\" data-years=\"1750&#8211;1789\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1750&#8211;1789<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>Neoclassicism<\/h4><p class=\"wk\"><span>Winckelmann<\/span> After his scheme; his History appears in 1764<\/p><div class=\"figs n1\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-revolution-paris-helen.jpg\" alt=\"Jacques-Louis David, Paris and Helen, c.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/600\"><figcaption>Jacques-Louis David, Paris and Helen, c. 1786&#8211;87. Oil on canvas. An oil sketch for The Loves of Paris and Helen, painted for the comte d&#8217;Artois and dated 1788, the year before the Bastille fell.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Qing<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1644&#8211;1911<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"figs n1\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-dynasty-qing-portrait.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of a man in court robes with fur surcoat.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"516\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:516\/800\"><figcaption>Portrait of a man in court robes with fur surcoat. Unidentified artist. Qing dynasty (1644&#8211;1911), late 18th or early 19th century. Hanging scroll; ink and color on paper. The face is shaded to suggest volume, a European convention taken up as images from abroad reached China.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band schism\" id=\"france-1789\" data-tab=\"1789\" data-years=\"The French Revolution\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1789<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side both commune\"><h4>The French Revolution<\/h4><div class=\"figs n2 pair\"><figure class=\"fig whole\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rev-louis-xiv-statue-1699.jpg\" alt=\"The equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Fran&#231;ois Girardon at its inauguration in the Place Louis-le-Grand (now Place Vend&#244;me), 1699.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"636\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:636\/800\"><figcaption>The equestrian statue of Louis XIV by Fran&#231;ois Girardon at its inauguration in the Place Louis-le-Grand (now Place Vend&#244;me), 1699. Engraving by Pierre Lepautre.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig whole\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rev-louis-xiv-statue-toppled-1792.jpg\" alt=\"The same statue pulled down, August 1792. Engraving, Mus&#233;e Carnavalet, Paris (G.30148).\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"648\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/648\"><figcaption>The same statue pulled down, August 1792. Engraving, Mus&#233;e Carnavalet, Paris (G.30148).<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig whole\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rev-republican-calendar.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Philibert Debucourt, Revolutionary Calendar, 1793.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"768\" height=\"990\" style=\"aspect-ratio:768\/990\"><figcaption>Louis Philibert Debucourt, Revolutionary Calendar, 1793. Etching and aquatint. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2013.252). Philosophy sits above the months and days of Year II; the saints and kings of the old calendar are gone, replaced with names drawn from nature.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p>For centuries the art of the West had served church and crown and looked back to the ancients. The Revolution turned on that art. In August 1792 the royal statues of Paris were pulled down and melted, Girardon&#8217;s great bronze of Louis XIV among them. In 1793 the royal tombs at Saint-Denis were broken up and the kings of Notre-Dame were thrown from its front. The word &#8220;vandalism&#8221; was coined in these years to name what was happening.<\/p><dl class=\"dates \"><div><dt>14 July 1789<\/dt><dd>The Bastille is stormed, then taken down stone by stone.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>August 1792<\/dt><dd>The Assembly orders the monuments of the monarchy destroyed.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>11&#8211;13 August 1792<\/dt><dd>The statue of Louis XIV in the Place des Victoires is pulled down.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>12 August 1792<\/dt><dd>Girardon&#8217;s equestrian Louis XIV, cast in 1692 and raised in the Place Vend&#244;me in 1699, is destroyed. <a href=\"https:\/\/ateliers.grandpalaisrmn.fr\/fr\/sculptures\/PF005910\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Only the left foot survives, in the Mus&#233;e Carnavalet.<\/a><\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1 August 1793<\/dt><dd>The Convention orders the royal tombs destroyed. At Saint-Denis 47 tombs are dismantled that month; in October more than 170 bodies are dug up.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>8 August 1793<\/dt><dd>The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture is abolished.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>5 October 1793<\/dt><dd>The Republican calendar replaces the Gregorian. Its religious and royal references are purged, and the years are counted from the founding of the Republic. It stays in use until 1805.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>23 October 1793<\/dt><dd>The Paris Commune orders the 28 kings of Notre-Dame brought down. Twenty-one of the heads were found in 1977 and are in the Mus&#233;e de Cluny.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>31 August 1794<\/dt><dd>The Abb&#233; Gr&#233;goire denounces the &#8220;vandalism&#8221; before the Convention.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"link-line\">My essay <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\">From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces<\/a> looks at that break.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band\" data-tab=\"After 1789\" data-years=\"1789&#8211;1900\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1789&#8211;1900<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side west\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>After the Revolution<\/h4><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic-oil-painting-french\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">1852&#8211;55<\/span>Rosa Bonheur: Artistic Autonomy Through Realistic Painting<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"588\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/588\"><span><span class=\"when\">1860<\/span>Discover Diogenes the Cynic: Jean-L&#233;on G&#233;r&#244;me&#8217;s 1860 Masterpiece<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"side east\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>Chinese dynasties<\/h4><ul class=\"dyn\"><li><b>Qing<\/b> <span class=\"when inline\">1644&#8211;1911<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"figs n1\"><figure class=\"fig\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-qing-scholars-rock.jpg\" alt=\"Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain. Qing dynasty, 18th&#8211;19th century(?). Black Lingbi limestone.\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"707\" height=\"666\" style=\"aspect-ratio:707\/666\"><\/a><figcaption>Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain. Qing dynasty, 18th&#8211;19th century(?). Black Lingbi limestone. <a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\">Read the essay<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><ul class=\"cards\"><li class=\"card\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rock-inspires-poets-and-painters.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/533\"><span><span class=\"when\">Qing dynasty, 18th&#8211;19th century<\/span>Chinese Scholar&#8217;s Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band schism\" id=\"commune-1871\" data-tab=\"1871\" data-years=\"The Paris Commune\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>1871<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side both commune\"><h4>The Paris Commune<\/h4><figure class=\"fig wide\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-commune-rue-de-rivoli-1871.jpg\" alt=\"Ruined buildings and rubble along a Paris street\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/600\"><figcaption>Rue de Rivoli, Paris, after the defeat of the Commune, May 1871.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>It has been called the first communist revolt. For ten weeks in the spring of 1871 the Commune held Paris. In its last days its National Guard set fire to the great buildings of the city. The Tuileries Palace and the H&#244;tel de Ville burned, and the library of the Louvre was destroyed. The fires at the Louvre itself and at Notre-Dame were put out in time.<\/p><dl class=\"dates \"><div><dt>18 March 1871<\/dt><dd>The Commune takes Paris.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>16 May<\/dt><dd>The Vend&#244;me Column is pulled down.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>23 May<\/dt><dd>The Tuileries Palace is set on fire.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>24 May<\/dt><dd>The H&#244;tel de Ville is burned.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>28 May<\/dt><dd>The Commune falls.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band schism\" data-tab=\"After 1900\" data-years=\"Russia and China\"><div class=\"when-col\"><h3>After 1900<\/h3><\/div><div class=\"side both\"><p>The timeline stops at 1900. Two later breaks are shown here, one on each side, because each did to its tradition what 1789 began in the West.<\/p><p class=\"link-line\"><b>Each led to the next.<\/b> The Paris Commune of 1871 looked back to 1789. Lenin took the Commune as his model for the Soviet state in 1917. The Chinese Communist Party was founded in 1921 with the backing of the Soviet-led Communist International; it took power in 1949 and launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966.<\/p><\/div><\/section><section class=\"band schism east-break\"><div class=\"when-col\"><\/div><div class=\"side west\" id=\"russia-1917\"><p class=\"side-label\">West<\/p><h4>The Russian Revolution<\/h4><p class=\"yrs\">1917<\/p><div class=\"figs gal\"><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ru-vladimirov-pogrom-1917.jpg\" alt=\"Soldiers with rifles and bayonets attack paintings and furnishings in a palace room\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"577\" style=\"aspect-ratio:800\/577\"><figcaption>Ivan Vladimirov, The Pogrom of the Winter Palace, 1917. Vladimirov painted what he saw in Petrograd that year.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ru-winter-palace-study-1917.jpg\" alt=\"A black and white photograph of a study with papers, books and broken furniture strewn across the floor\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"612\" height=\"461\" style=\"aspect-ratio:612\/461\"><figcaption>The study of Tsar Nicholas II in the Winter Palace after the storming, 1917.<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ru-royal-martyrs-icon.jpg\" alt=\"A gilded icon of a tsar, tsaritsa and five children, each with a halo and holding a cross\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"716\" height=\"800\" style=\"aspect-ratio:716\/800\"><figcaption>Icon of the Holy Royal Martyrs: Tsar Nicholas II, Tsaritsa Alexandra and their children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia and Alexei. In an Orthodox church in Strasbourg, France.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><p>The Russian revolutionaries looked to France: Lenin took the Paris Commune of 1871 as his model. After 1917 the Bolsheviks seized the imperial collections, the palaces and private houses, and in 1922 stripped the churches of their gold and silver. Under the Red Terror, and later under Stalin, clergy, collectors and artists were shot or sent to the camps. To pay for industry the Soviet state then sold the treasures abroad: about 250 paintings from the Hermitage and some fourteen imperial Faberg&#233; eggs. Many of them reached America.<\/p><p>When the Winter Palace fell, the private apartments of the Tsar&#8217;s family were ransacked. An eyewitness wrote of pictures ripped from their frames with bayonets, the library forced open, and desks, pictures and ornaments destroyed. The Tsar, his wife and their five children were shot in July 1918. The Orthodox Church now venerates them as saints.<\/p><dl class=\"dates \"><div><dt>1917<\/dt><dd>Revolution. The imperial treasures are confiscated and taken to the Kremlin.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>25 October 1917<\/dt><dd>The Winter Palace is stormed. The Tsar&#8217;s private apartments, his study among them, are ransacked.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>17 July 1918<\/dt><dd>Nicholas II and his family are killed at Yekaterinburg.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1918<\/dt><dd>The Red Terror begins.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>23 February 1922<\/dt><dd>A decree orders the seizure of church valuables.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1928&#8211;1934<\/dt><dd>Hermitage paintings are sold abroad. Andrew Mellon buys 21; they are now in the National Gallery of Art, Washington.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1930&#8211;1933<\/dt><dd>About fourteen imperial Faberg&#233; eggs are sold. Several are now in American museums.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1934<\/dt><dd>Socialist Realism becomes the only approved style.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><p class=\"link-line\">More in my thread, <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/EleonoraFall\/status\/1887660712589467742\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Soviet Forces Looted Russia&#8217;s Royal Palaces and Art Treasures<\/a>. Soviet painters later showed the other side of that moment: <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/EleonoraFall\/status\/1889458394278535385\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a soldier standing awestruck before the art he had been sent to overthrow<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"side east\" id=\"china-1966\"><p class=\"side-label\">East<\/p><h4>The Cultural Revolution<\/h4><p class=\"yrs\">1966&#8211;1976<\/p><p>The revolution that began in Russia in 1917 reached China through the Communist Party it inspired. From August 1966 the campaign against the &#8220;Four Olds&#8221; (old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits) sent Red Guards to ransack temples, burn manuscripts and smash statues, the Ming tombs among them. Traditional painters, musicians and scholars were persecuted and sent to hard labour. Art was confined to propaganda and to eight approved &#8220;model operas&#8221;.<\/p><dl class=\"dates \"><div><dt>1921<\/dt><dd>The Chinese Communist Party is founded, on the model of the Russian Revolution.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1949<\/dt><dd>The party takes power in China.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>16 May 1966<\/dt><dd>The Cultural Revolution is launched.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>August 1966<\/dt><dd>Red Guards begin destroying the &#8220;Four Olds&#8221;.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>1968<\/dt><dd>Artists and scholars are sent to the countryside.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>9 September 1976<\/dt><dd>Mao Zedong dies.<\/dd><\/div><div><dt>6 October 1976<\/dt><dd>The Gang of Four is arrested; the Cultural Revolution ends.<\/dd><\/div><\/dl><\/div><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"index wk-sec\" id=\"winckelmann\">\n<h2>Winckelmann, my guide<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wk-intro\">\n<figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-winckelmann-geschichte-1764.jpg\" alt=\"Title page in German blackletter, with an engraved oval gem of seated and standing warriors\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"776\" height=\"848\" style=\"aspect-ratio:776\/848\"><figcaption>Johann Winckelmann, Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums, first part. Dresden, 1764. Title page.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"fig\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-winckelmann-monumenti-leucothea.jpg\" alt=\"Line engraving of a seated woman holding up a child before three standing figures\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"574\" height=\"692\" style=\"aspect-ratio:574\/692\"><figcaption>Relief of &#8220;Leucothea&#8221;, plate 56 of Winckelmann&#8217;s Monumenti Antichi Inediti, vol. 1. Rome, 1767.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div>\n<p class=\"lead\">Johann Joachim Winckelmann is the guide I keep returning to. I think he is often misread today: treated as a maker of categories, when what moved him was the Greeks themselves, their philosophy and their understanding of beauty, friendship and grace. I have begun reading him in German, to come closer to what he meant.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"fig wk-desk\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-winckelmann-my-studies.jpg\" alt=\"Open books on Winckelmann on a library table, with a handwritten page of notes in German and two pens\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1400\" height=\"776\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1400\/776\"><figcaption>My desk at the library: reading Winckelmann in German, with my notes.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Grace, for him, was not the charm that pleases the senses. It announces beauty, and it speaks to reason. The painter Girodet, who called him &#8220;the poet Winckelmann&#8221;, took this further: the grace that comes from the soul and the grace that comes from the mind are bound together, and both must be in harmony with the grace of the body.<\/p>\n<p>He was the first to give ancient art a history of its own, told through style. He saw Greek art pass through four styles, each with its own character:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"wk-styles\">\n<li><b>Older style<\/b><span>Vigour<\/span><small>from the origins to Phidias<\/small><\/li>\n<li><b>High style<\/b><span>Grandeur<\/span><small>Phidias to Praxiteles<\/small><\/li>\n<li><b>Beautiful style<\/b><span>Grace<\/span><small>Praxiteles to Lysippos<\/small><\/li>\n<li><b>Style of the imitators<\/b><span>Imitation<\/span><small>Lysippos to the late 2nd century AD<\/small><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>For him the Apollo Belvedere stood at the highest point of art, and the Laoco&#246;n showed &#8220;noble simplicity and quiet grandeur&#8221; even in suffering. Rome he placed on a second level, as the imitator that spread Greek art across the Mediterranean. He admired Bernini&#8217;s skill but not his figures.<\/p>\n<dl class=\"dates wk-life\">\n<div><dt>1748&#8211;1754<\/dt><dd>Librarian to Count B&#252;nau near Dresden, where he first studies the royal collections.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>November 1755<\/dt><dd>He arrives in Rome, and stays nearly thirteen years.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>11 April 1763<\/dt><dd>He is named Prefect of the Antiquities of Rome, the &#8220;Papal Antiquarian&#8221;.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>1764<\/dt><dd>The <i>History of the Art of Antiquity<\/i> is published in Dresden.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>1767<\/dt><dd>The <i>Monumenti Antichi Inediti<\/i> follows in Rome, with engraved plates of the works he describes.<\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Most of what he studied in Rome were marbles of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Roman copies of Greek works. He did not recognise them as copies and read them as Greek art itself. That is one more reason I keep the question of what was lost open.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<details class=\"index fold\">\n<summary><h2>Winckelmann beside the essays<\/h2><\/summary>\n<p class=\"note\">His stages on the left, the essays whose works fall inside each on the right.<\/p>\n<div class=\"juxta\"><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Egyptian: older style<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Until 525 BC<\/p><p class=\"say\">Lasts until Cambyses conquers Egypt.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">New Kingdom, c. 1325 BC<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\">How an Early Childhood Museum Experience Shaped My Life: Exploring the Egyptian Museum of Cairo<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Greek: older style<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Until Phidias, c. 460 BC<\/p><p class=\"say\">Forceful but hard. Lasts until Phidias.<\/p><\/div><ul><li class=\"none\">No essay yet<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Greek: high style<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Phidias and his time, c. 460&#8211;370 BC<\/p><p class=\"say\">Phidias and his time. Art reaches its greatness.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">c. 430 BC<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\">Diadumenus, &#8220;He Who Attaches&#8221; a Band around His Forehead<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">c. 430&#8211;420 BC<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-paris-2024-olympics\">Diadumenus and Olympic Legacy: Ancient Athleticism<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Greek: beautiful style<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Praxiteles to Lysippos and Apelles, c. 370&#8211;323 BC<\/p><p class=\"say\">Praxiteles to Lysippos and Apelles. Grace and charm.<\/p><\/div><ul><li class=\"none\">No essay yet<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Greek: style of the imitators<\/h3><p class=\"span\">After Alexander, from c. 323 BC<\/p><p class=\"say\">After Alexander. Imitation and decline, into the Roman Empire.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">3rd&#8211;2nd century BC<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-such-refined-bronze-sculptures\">Ancient Greek Bronze Veiled in Mystery<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">3rd&#8211;2nd century BC<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\">Sleeping Eros Statue: A Rare Bronze Masterpiece from Hellenistic Greece<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">3rd century AD<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\">Gandharan Schist of the Buddha Of The Future<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow gap\"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>No stage<\/h3><p class=\"span\">c. 330&#8211;1400<\/p><p class=\"say\">The Middle Ages have no place in his scheme.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">Mid-7th century<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and-beyond-the-west\">Origins of Oil Painting: More Ancient and Beyond the West<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">AD 800&#8211;900<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-the-legacy-of-hartolfr\">Unlocking the Enigma of a Viking Sword: The Legacy of Hartolfr<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">First half of the 11th century<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-faith-with-a-sculpture\">India&#8217;s Oldest Continuously Practiced Faith with a Sculpture<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">1206&#8211;1294<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\">Mongol Empire: Cultivating Artistic Renaissance Across Realms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Modern: dry and stiff<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Before Michelangelo and Raphael<\/p><p class=\"say\">His modern parallel begins. Drawing is dry and stiff.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">1480<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\">From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Modern: the height<\/h3><p class=\"span\">Michelangelo and Raphael, c. 1500&#8211;1520<\/p><p class=\"say\">Michelangelo and Raphael. The height of art restored.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">c. 1509&#8211;11<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exhibition-raphaels-masterpieces-united-for-the-first-time-in-the-u-s\">A First Look at a Once-in-a-Lifetime Exhibition: Raphael&#8217;s Masterpieces United for the First Time in the U.S.<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">c. 1520<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians-approach\">The Italian Oil Painting Process: Titian&#8217;s Approach<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Modern: interval<\/h3><p class=\"span\">c. 1520&#8211;1580<\/p><p class=\"say\">A gap in which, by his judgment, bad taste ruled.<\/p><\/div><ul><li class=\"none\">No essay yet<\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow \"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>Modern: the imitators<\/h3><p class=\"span\">The Carracci to Carlo Maratta, c. 1582&#8211;1713<\/p><p class=\"say\">The Carracci and their school, up to Carlo Maratta.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">1653<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\">Louis XIV as Apollo in &#8220;Ballet de la Nuit&#8221; (1653): A Symbol of Absolute Monarchy<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">1683<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\">Timeless Bodies: Measuring and Capturing Ancient Beauty<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">Late 17th century<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvre\">Exploring &#8220;Time Lifting up Virtue and the Arts&#8221; Sculpture at the Louvre<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"jrow gap\"><div class=\"stage\"><h3>After his scheme<\/h3><p class=\"span\">From 1713<\/p><p class=\"say\">His modern parallel stops with Maratta. The book appears in 1764.<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span class=\"when\">Qing dynasty, 18th&#8211;19th century<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\">Chinese Scholar&#8217;s Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">1852&#8211;55<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic-oil-painting-french\">Rosa Bonheur: Artistic Autonomy Through Realistic Painting<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"when\">1860<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\">Discover Diogenes the Cynic: Jean-L&#233;on G&#233;r&#244;me&#8217;s 1860 Masterpiece<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"index fold\">\n<summary><h2>All the works in one line<\/h2><\/summary>\n<p class=\"note\">West on one row, East on the other. Use the arrows, or pick a marker on the strip.<\/p>\n<div class=\"case\"><div id=\"timeline-embed\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"index fold faq\">\n<summary><h2>Questions this art history timeline answers<\/h2><\/summary>\n<dl class=\"qa\">\n<div><dt>What are Winckelmann&#8217;s four styles of Greek art?<\/dt><dd>The older style, the high style, the beautiful style and the style of the imitators. He linked them to vigour, grandeur, grace and imitation, running from the origins of Greek art through Phidias, Praxiteles and Lysippos to the late 2nd century AD.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>Which Chinese dynasties were contemporary with ancient Greece, Rome and the Renaissance?<\/dt><dd>Ancient Greece (800&#8211;146 BC) runs alongside the Zhou, Qin and early Han dynasties. Rome (146 BC&#8211;AD 476) runs alongside the Han and the Six Dynasties. The Renaissance (1400&#8211;1600) falls within the Ming dynasty (1368&#8211;1644).<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>What art was destroyed in the French Revolution?<\/dt><dd>In August 1792 the royal statues of Paris were pulled down and melted, Girardon&#8217;s equestrian Louis XIV among them. In 1793 the royal tombs at Saint-Denis were broken up, the 28 kings of Notre-Dame were thrown down, and the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was abolished.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>How are the French, Russian and Chinese revolutions connected?<\/dt><dd>Each took the one before it as its model. The Paris Commune of 1871 looked back to 1789, Lenin took the Commune as his model in 1917, and the Chinese Communist Party, founded on the Soviet model, launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966.<\/dd><\/div>\n<div><dt>Why does this art history timeline stop at 1900?<\/dt><dd>With Impressionism and abstraction, art turned away from the tradition this timeline follows. The breaks that came after 1900, in Russia and in China, are marked in red.<\/dd><\/div>\n<\/dl>\n<\/details>\n<div class=\"sources\">\n<h2>About the dates<\/h2>\n<p>Stone and bronze cannot be carbon-dated. Their dates come from where they were found, from style and from inscriptions, which is why so many read &#8220;c.&#8221; or &#8220;probably&#8221;. I take them as the best present estimates, with an open mind.<\/p>\n<h2>Photographs<\/h2>\n<p>The photographs of the works illustrating each period are my own, taken at the museums named beside them. The one exception is the Hindsgavl Dagger, credited beside its picture. The small pictures beside the essay titles are the ones used in each essay.<\/p>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Giorgio Vasari, <i>Lives of the Artists<\/i>, preface, 1550; Dante, <i>Inferno<\/i>, canto XI; Genesis 1:27.<\/li>\n<li>Johann Joachim Winckelmann, <i>History of the Art of Antiquity<\/i>, 1764.<\/li>\n<li>Berthold Vallentin, <i>Winckelmann<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li><i>Winckelmann : la naissance de l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;art &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque des Lumi&#232;res<\/i>, Louvre, conf&#233;rences et colloques. La Documentation fran&#231;aise.<\/li>\n<li><i>Winckelmann: Masterpieces throughout the Vatican Museums<\/i>, exhibition catalogue, Vatican Museums, 2018.<\/li>\n<li>Li Hongzhi, <a href=\"https:\/\/falundafa.org\/eng\/eng\/lectures\/20030721L_2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teaching the Fa at the Discussion on Creating Fine Art<\/a>, 2003.<\/li>\n<li>Li Hongzhi, <i>Zhuan Falun<\/i>.<\/li>\n<li><i>Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party<\/i>, 2004.<\/li>\n<li>V. I. Lenin, <i>The State and Revolution<\/i>, 1917, on the Paris Commune as a model.<\/li>\n<li>Museum labels for the works illustrated, as credited beside each picture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script>\nconst timelineData = {\"title\": {\"text\": {\"headline\": \"From prehistory to 1900\", \"text\": \"<p>West on one row, East on the other. Use the arrows, or pick a marker on the strip below.<\\\/p>\"}}, \"eras\": [], \"events\": [{\"start_date\": {\"year\": -1325}, \"display_date\": \"New Kingdom, c. 1325 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-mus\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-mus.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-mus.jpg\", \"alt\": \"How an Early Childhood Museum Experience Shaped My Life: Exploring the Egyptian Museum of Cairo\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\\\" >How an Early Childhood Museum Experience Shaped My Life: Exploring the Egyptian Museum of Cairo<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Embark on a transformative journey through early childhood museum visits. Explore Egypt\\u2019s captivating artifacts and uncover the power of art and creativity. Rediscover the awe-inspiring wonders that shaped a lifelong passion.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -430}, \"display_date\": \"c. 430 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Diadumenus, \\u201cHe Who Attaches\\u201d a Band around His Forehead\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\\\" >Diadumenus, \\u201cHe Who Attaches\\u201d a Band around His Forehead<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Master of classical Greek art, Polykleitos, revered the human figure. He created a method (the Canon) where a detailed system of mathematical calculation was to be used in order to sculpt the most perfect human form.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -420}, \"display_date\": \"c. 430\\u2013420 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-pa\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-pa.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-pa.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Diadumenus and Olympic Legacy: Ancient Athleticism\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-paris-2024-olympics\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-paris-2024-olympics\\\" >Diadumenus and Olympic Legacy: Ancient Athleticism<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Explore the Diadumenus Sculpture at the Louvre and its connection to Greek idealism and the upcoming Paris 2024 Olympics. Learn about the sculpture\\u2019s historical significance and its enduring impact on the celebration of athleticism.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-louvre-torlonia-collection-paris-2024-olympics\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -220}, \"display_date\": \"3rd\\u20132nd century BC\", \"unique_id\": \"we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-suc\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-suc.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-suc.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Ancient Greek Bronze Veiled in Mystery\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-such-refined-bronze-sculptures\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-such-refined-bronze-sculptures\\\" >Ancient Greek Bronze Veiled in Mystery<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>During Hellenistic times, the medium of bronze helped reach new levels of sophistication. Much detailed elements of the human form translated in this metal.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/we-dont-know-how-ancient-greeks-made-such-refined-bronze-sculptures\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -200}, \"display_date\": \"3rd\\u20132nd century BC\", \"unique_id\": \"rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Sleeping Eros Statue: A Rare Bronze Masterpiece from Hellenistic Greece\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\\\" >Sleeping Eros Statue: A Rare Bronze Masterpiece from Hellenistic Greece<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Uncover the Sleeping Eros statue, an extraordinary ancient Greek bronze masterpiece at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts. Explore its historical significance in this post.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rare-hellenistic-bronze-rhode-island\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 250}, \"display_date\": \"3rd century AD\", \"unique_id\": \"gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-fu\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-fu.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-fu.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Gandharan Schist of the Buddha Of The Future\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\\\" >Gandharan Schist of the Buddha Of The Future<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>In the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, Maitreya was the most popular figure represented along with Buddha \\u015a\\u0101kyamuni. Buddhist imagery influenced by the classical Greek and Hellenistic styles traveled to China. Later, it also reached Korea and Japan.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 650}, \"display_date\": \"Mid-7th century\", \"unique_id\": \"origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Origins of Oil Painting: More Ancient and Beyond the West\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and-beyond-the-west\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and-beyond-the-west\\\" >Origins of Oil Painting: More Ancient and Beyond the West<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Researchers uncover something new everyday, you might have missed this major discovery from fourteen years ago.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/origins-of-oil-painting-more-ancient-and-beyond-the-west\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 850}, \"display_date\": \"AD 800\\u2013900\", \"unique_id\": \"unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-t\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-t.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-t.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Unlocking the Enigma of a Viking Sword: The Legacy of Hartolfr\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-the-legacy-of-hartolfr\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-the-legacy-of-hartolfr\\\" >Unlocking the Enigma of a Viking Sword: The Legacy of Hartolfr<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Step into the past with a Viking sword from 800-900 AD on view at the MET. On loan from Laird R. Landmann and Kathleen E. Kinney, this sword by Hartolfr stands as a testament to the era\\u2019s craftsmanship.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/unlocking-the-enigma-of-a-viking-sword-the-legacy-of-hartolfr\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1025}, \"display_date\": \"First half of the 11th century\", \"unique_id\": \"indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-fai\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-fai.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-fai.jpg\", \"alt\": \"India\\u2019s Oldest Continuously Practiced Faith with a Sculpture\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-faith-with-a-sculpture\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-faith-with-a-sculpture\\\" >India\\u2019s Oldest Continuously Practiced Faith with a Sculpture<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>On other Jain sculptures I have researched I also noted swastika symbols which are also found in Buddhism and among many other cultures worldwide. Jainsm and Buddhism have similarities, emphasizing discipline and purification of the mind and body.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/indias-oldest-continuously-practiced-faith-with-a-sculpture\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1206}, \"display_date\": \"1206\\u20131294\", \"unique_id\": \"mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Mongol Empire: Cultivating Artistic Renaissance Across Realms\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\\\" >Mongol Empire: Cultivating Artistic Renaissance Across Realms<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>The Mongol Empire, often overlooked for its literature and fine art, harbors a hidden treasure\\u2014its role in nurturing the creative spirit of diverse cultures.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/mongol-empire-art-cultural-legacy\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1294}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1480}, \"display_date\": \"1480\", \"unique_id\": \"from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-mast\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-mast.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-mast.jpg\", \"alt\": \"From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\\\" >From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Growing up in France, I first encountered revolutionary art through La Marseillaise. As a Russian immigrant, I struggled with its intensity. Reflecting on this, I contrast it with the uplifting P\\u00e9russis Altarpiece, which embodies a different kind of transformation and inspiration.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1510}, \"display_date\": \"c. 1509\\u201311\", \"unique_id\": \"a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exh\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exh.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exh.jpg\", \"alt\": \"A First Look at a Once-in-a-Lifetime Exhibition: Raphael\\u2019s Masterpieces United for the First Time in the U.S.\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exhibition-raphaels-masterpieces-united-for-the-first-time-in-the-u-s\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exhibition-raphaels-masterpieces-united-for-the-first-time-in-the-u-s\\\" >A First Look at a Once-in-a-Lifetime Exhibition: Raphael\\u2019s Masterpieces United for the First Time in the U.S.<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>A rare reunion of Raphael\\u2019s masterpieces at the Met feels like stepping into a complete vision of genius. I share my Stendhal syndrome. You are welcome to join.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/a-first-look-at-a-once-in-a-lifetime-exhibition-raphaels-masterpieces-united-for-the-first-time-in-the-u-s\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1520}, \"display_date\": \"c. 1520\", \"unique_id\": \"the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians.jpg\", \"alt\": \"The Italian Oil Painting Process: Titian\\u2019s Approach\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians-approach\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians-approach\\\" >The Italian Oil Painting Process: Titian\\u2019s Approach<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>An exploration of how the Venetian master Titian pioneered a new \\u201cmodern way\\u201d of oil painting, departing from Flemish traditions.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/the-italian-oil-painting-process-titians-approach\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1653}, \"display_date\": \"1653\", \"unique_id\": \"louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Louis XIV as Apollo in \\u201cBallet de la Nuit\\u201d (1653): A Symbol of Absolute Monarchy\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\\\" >Louis XIV as Apollo in \\u201cBallet de la Nuit\\u201d (1653): A Symbol of Absolute Monarchy<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>A physical and intellectual light emanates from the young king, a miraculous child by his unexpected birth, called to a great destiny which is also that of France.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/louis-xiv-as-apollo-in-ballet-de-la-nuit\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1683}, \"display_date\": \"1683\", \"unique_id\": \"ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Timeless Bodies: Measuring and Capturing Ancient Beauty\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\\\" >Timeless Bodies: Measuring and Capturing Ancient Beauty<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>G\\u00e9rard Audran\\u2019s 1683 study of ancient sculpture transformed classical beauty into a system of proportion. By measuring admired antique figures, he created a visual guide that shaped how artists understood the human body for generations.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1695}, \"display_date\": \"Late 17th century\", \"unique_id\": \"time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvr\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvr.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvr.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Exploring \\u201cTime Lifting up Virtue and the Arts\\u201d Sculpture at the Louvre\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvre\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvre\\\" >Exploring \\u201cTime Lifting up Virtue and the Arts\\u201d Sculpture at the Louvre<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>During my recent visit to the Louvre, I discovered Time Lifting up Virtue and the Arts by Honor\\u00e9 Pell\\u00e9. This Baroque masterpiece portrays Time as a dynamic figure lifting Virtue, surrounded by playful putti symbolizing the arts.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/time-lifting-virtue-arts-sculpture-louvre\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1800}, \"display_date\": \"Qing dynasty, 18th\\u201319th century\", \"unique_id\": \"rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rock-inspires-poets-and-painters.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rock-inspires-poets-and-painters.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Chinese Scholar\\u2019s Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\\\" >Chinese Scholar\\u2019s Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>During the Qing dynasty, the appreciation of Gongshi reached its peak. Scholars and artists alike sought after the most magnificent stones to showcase in their homes and gardens. These stones have inspired China\\u2019s poets and painters.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1853}, \"display_date\": \"1852\\u201355\", \"unique_id\": \"rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Rosa Bonheur: Artistic Autonomy Through Realistic Painting\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic-oil-painting-french\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic-oil-painting-french\\\" >Rosa Bonheur: Artistic Autonomy Through Realistic Painting<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Rosa Bonheur, born in 1822, stands out as an unconventional force in the art world of the 19th century, surpassing even Monet and Renoir in popularity.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rosa-bonheur-artistic-autonomy-realistic-oil-painting-french\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1860}, \"display_date\": \"1860\", \"unique_id\": \"jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Discover Diogenes the Cynic: Jean-L\\u00e9on G\\u00e9r\\u00f4me\\u2019s 1860 Masterpiece\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"<a href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\\\" >Discover Diogenes the Cynic: Jean-L\\u00e9on G\\u00e9r\\u00f4me\\u2019s 1860 Masterpiece<\\\/a>\", \"text\": \"<p>Diogenes is still highly regarded in the present day for his commitment to truth and living according to his beliefs.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/jean-leon-gerome-diogenes-1860\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -4300}, \"display_date\": \"700,000\\u2013200,000 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"period-prehistory-biface\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-biface.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-biface.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Biface. Flint, Acheulean, 700,000\\u2013200,000 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2018.51.1).\", \"caption\": \"Biface. Flint, Acheulean, 700,000\\u2013200,000 BC. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2018.51.1).\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Biface\", \"text\": \"<p>Biface. Flint. Paleolithic, Acheulean, 700,000\\u2013200,000 BC. Found in Aisne, France. One of the largest and most finely crafted bifaces found in France. Was it meant to be a tool, or was it valued for its appearance and kept for another use?<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -3900}, \"display_date\": \"16,000\\u201313,000 years old\", \"unique_id\": \"period-prehistory-horse\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-horse.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-horse.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory (cast). Lourdes, France, 16,000\\u201313,000 years old.\", \"caption\": \"Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory (cast). Lourdes, France, 16,000\\u201313,000 years old.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory\", \"text\": \"<p>Horse sculpted in mammoth ivory. 16,000\\u201313,000 years old. Found at Lourdes, France. Shown here in a cast; the original is in the Mus\\u00e9e des Antiquit\\u00e9s Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -2524}, \"display_date\": \"Old Kingdom, c. 2528\\u20132520 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"period-ancient-egypt-kaipunesut\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt-kaipunesut.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt-kaipunesut.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Statue of Kaipunesut. Excavated at Saqqara, mastaba of Kaemheset. Rogers Fund, 1926 (26.2.7).\", \"caption\": \"Statue of Kaipunesut. Excavated at Saqqara, mastaba of Kaemheset. Rogers Fund, 1926 (26.2.7).\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Statue of Kaipunesut\", \"text\": \"<p>Statue of Kaipunesut. Probably Dynasty 4, time of Djedefre (c. 2528\\u20132520 BC) or somewhat later. Acacia wood. His belt names him \\u201cRoyal Carpenter\\u201d; he may have had a hand in his own statue.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 122}, \"display_date\": \"c. AD 115\\u2013130\", \"unique_id\": \"period-rome-emperor\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-emperor.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-emperor.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Seated statue of a Roman emperor. Marble, c. AD 115\\u2013130. Pergamon Museum, Berlin.\", \"caption\": \"Seated statue of a Roman emperor. Marble, c. AD 115\\u2013130. Pergamon Museum, Berlin.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Seated statue of a Roman emperor, crowned with laurel\", \"text\": \"<p>Seated statue of a Roman emperor, crowned with laurel. Marble, c. AD 115\\u2013130. Pergamon Museum, Berlin, beside the Market Gate of Miletus.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -225}, \"display_date\": \"3rd or 2nd century BC\", \"unique_id\": \"period-ancient-greece-athlete\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-athlete.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-athlete.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Small marble statue of an athlete (detail). Rogers Fund, 1917 (17.230.3).\", \"caption\": \"Small marble statue of an athlete (detail). Rogers Fund, 1917 (17.230.3).\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Small marble statue of an athlete\", \"text\": \"<p>Small marble statue of an athlete. Greek, Hellenistic, 3rd or 2nd century BC. He is fastening a headband with a chinstrap, the mark of a competitor in boxing, wrestling or the pankration.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/diadumenus-he-who-attaches-a-band-around-his-forehead\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -455}, \"display_date\": \"Classical period\", \"unique_id\": \"period-ancient-greece-riace\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-riace.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-greece-riace.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Colour reconstructions of the Riace warriors, shown as \\u201cClassical Sculpture in Color\\u201d.\", \"caption\": \"Colour reconstructions of the Riace warriors, shown as \\u201cClassical Sculpture in Color\\u201d.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The Riace warriors, reconstructed in colour\", \"text\": \"<p>The Riace warriors, reconstructed in colour. Modern reconstructions, from the Brinkmanns\\u2019 research, of two Greek bronzes of the Classical period. Different alloys, patinas, inlaid metals and stones made such statues so lifelike that visitors to the sanctuaries are said to have believed them alive.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1740}, \"display_date\": \"1740\", \"unique_id\": \"period-baroque-and-rococo-batoni\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-baroque-and-rococo-batoni.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-baroque-and-rococo-batoni.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Pompeo Batoni, Allegory of the Arts, 1740. St\\u00e4del Museum, Frankfurt.\", \"caption\": \"Pompeo Batoni, Allegory of the Arts, 1740. St\\u00e4del Museum, Frankfurt.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Pompeo Batoni, Allegory of the Arts, 1740\", \"text\": \"<p>Pompeo Batoni, Allegory of the Arts, 1740. Painting, at her easel, turns to Poetry, crowned with laurel and holding a lyre; Sculpture sits below with her chisel, with Architecture and Music behind. St\\u00e4del Museum, Frankfurt.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 150}, \"display_date\": \"c. AD 150\", \"unique_id\": \"period-rome-astragaloi\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-astragaloi.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-astragaloi.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Girl playing astragaloi. Marble, c. AD 150. Antikensammlung, Berlin.\", \"caption\": \"Girl playing astragaloi. Marble, c. AD 150. Antikensammlung, Berlin.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Girl playing astragaloi (knucklebones)\", \"text\": \"<p>Girl playing astragaloi (knucklebones). Marble, c. AD 150, the head c. AD 200. Found in Rome, on the eastern slope of the Caelian Hill. The seated girl goes back to a late Hellenistic model; her portrait-like face suggests the statue was made for a tomb. Antikensammlung, Berlin.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 100}, \"display_date\": \"1st\\u20132nd century AD\", \"unique_id\": \"period-rome-amazon\", \"group\": \"West\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-amazon.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome-amazon.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Marble statue of a wounded Amazon. Gift of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., 1932 (32.11.4).\", \"caption\": \"Marble statue of a wounded Amazon. Gift of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., 1932 (32.11.4).\", \"link\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\", \"link_target\": \"_blank\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Marble statue of a wounded Amazon\", \"text\": \"<p>Marble statue of a wounded Amazon. Roman, Imperial period, 1st\\u20132nd century AD; copy of a Greek bronze of c. 450\\u2013425 BC. Pliny tells of a contest at Ephesos in which five of the greatest sculptors, Phidias and Polykleitos among them, each made an Amazon for the temple of Artemis. The sculptors themselves were the judges: each named the best work after his own, and Polykleitos won. This type of statue is associated with that contest.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/ancient-sculpture-proportions-audran\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -1600}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -1046}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 c. 1600\\u20131046 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-shang\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Shang dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Egyptian: older style.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -1046}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -256}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 1046\\u2013256 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-zhou\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Zhou dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Egyptian: older style; Greek: older style; Greek: high style; Greek: beautiful style; Greek: style of the imitators.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -221}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -206}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 221\\u2013206 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-qin\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Qin dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Greek: style of the imitators.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -206}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 220}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 206 BC\\u2013AD 220\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-han\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Han dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Greek: style of the imitators.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 220}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 589}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 220\\u2013589\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-six\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Six Dynasties\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Greek: style of the imitators; no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 581}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 618}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 581\\u2013618\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-sui\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Sui dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 618}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 907}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 618\\u2013907\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-tang\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Tang dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>Figure of a Seated Court Lady. Tang dynasty (618\\u2013907), 8th century. Earthenware with tricolor (sancai) glaze.<\\\/p><p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china-tang.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china-tang.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Figure of a Seated Court Lady. Purchase, The Vincent Astor Foundation Gift, 2010 (2010.120).\", \"caption\": \"Figure of a Seated Court Lady. Purchase, The Vincent Astor Foundation Gift, 2010 (2010.120).\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 907}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 960}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 907\\u2013960\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-five\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Five Dynasties\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 960}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1279}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 960\\u20131279\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-song\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Song dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin). Possibly Northern Song dynasty (960\\u20131127), late 10th\\u2013early 11th century.<\\\/p><p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-china.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin).\", \"caption\": \"Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin).\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1271}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1368}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 1271\\u20131368\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-yuan\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Yuan dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages).<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1368}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1644}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 1368\\u20131644\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-ming\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Ming dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: no stage (the Middle Ages); Modern: dry and stiff; Modern: the height; Modern: interval; Modern: the imitators.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1644}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1911}, \"display_date\": \"China \\u00b7 1644\\u20131911\", \"unique_id\": \"dynasty-qing\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#4a3a22\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Qing dynasty\", \"text\": \"<p>Portrait of a man in court robes with fur surcoat. Unidentified artist. Qing dynasty (1644\\u20131911), late 18th or early 19th century. Hanging scroll; ink and color on paper. The face is shaded to suggest volume, a European convention taken up as images from abroad reached China.<\\\/p><p>In the West, by Winckelmann&#x27;s scheme: Modern: the imitators; after his scheme ends.<\\\/p>\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-dynasty-qing-portrait.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-dynasty-qing-portrait.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Portrait of a man in court robes with fur surcoat. Gift of Dora Wong, 2021 (2021.324).\", \"caption\": \"Portrait of a man in court robes with fur surcoat. Gift of Dora Wong, 2021 (2021.324).\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1789}, \"display_date\": \"1789\", \"unique_id\": \"break-1789\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#6e1f1f\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rev-louis-xiv-statue-toppled-1792.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-rev-louis-xiv-statue-toppled-1792.jpg\", \"alt\": \"The same statue pulled down, August 1792. Engraving, Mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet, Paris (G.30148).\", \"caption\": \"The same statue pulled down, August 1792. Engraving, Mus\\u00e9e Carnavalet, Paris (G.30148).\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The French Revolution\", \"text\": \"<p>For centuries the art of the West had served church and crown and looked back to the ancients. The Revolution turned on that art. In August 1792 the royal statues of Paris were pulled down and melted, Girardon\\u2019s great bronze of Louis XIV among them. In 1793 the royal tombs at Saint-Denis were broken up and the kings of Notre-Dame were thrown from its front. The word \\u201cvandalism\\u201d was coined in these years to name what was happening.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/from-revolutionary-art-to-uplifting-masterpieces\\\" >Read: From Revolutionary Art Back to Uplifting Masterpieces<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -1850}, \"display_date\": \"c. 1900\\u20131800 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"period-prehistory-hindsgavl\", \"group\": \"West\", \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The Hindsgavl Dagger\", \"text\": \"<p>Hindsgavl Dagger. Flint, c. 1900\\u20131800 BC, late Nordic Stone Age. A fishtail dagger 29.5 cm long and under 1 cm thick, knapped to the shape of the bronze daggers then reaching the North. Found in 1867 on the island of F\\u00e6n\\u00f8, Denmark. National Museum of Denmark.<\\\/p>\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-hindsgavl.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory-hindsgavl.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Hindsgavl Dagger\", \"caption\": \"Hindsgavl Dagger. Photo: Nationalmuseet, Arnold Mikkelsen, CC BY-SA 3.0.\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1966}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1976}, \"display_date\": \"1966\\u20131976\", \"unique_id\": \"break-1966\", \"group\": \"East\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#6e1f1f\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The Cultural Revolution\", \"text\": \"<p>The revolution that began in Russia in 1917 reached China through the Communist Party it inspired. From August 1966 the campaign against the \\u201cFour Olds\\u201d (old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits) sent Red Guards to ransack temples, burn manuscripts and smash statues, the Ming tombs among them. Traditional painters, musicians and scholars were persecuted and sent to hard labour. Art was confined to propaganda and to eight approved \\u201cmodel operas\\u201d.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1648}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1667}, \"display_date\": \"1648\\u20131667\", \"unique_id\": \"paris-centre\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-light-louis-xiv-arts.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-light-louis-xiv-arts.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Jean Garnier, Allegory of Louis XIV, Protector of the Arts and Sciences, 1672. Palace of Versailles.\", \"caption\": \"Jean Garnier, Allegory of Louis XIV, Protector of the Arts and Sciences, 1672. Palace of Versailles.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Paris becomes the centre of art\", \"text\": \"<p>Under Louis XIV the centre of Western art moved from Rome to Paris. The crown took the arts in hand: an academy to train artists, a French school in Rome to study the ancients, and the Salon to show the results. For the next two centuries, artists across Europe looked to Paris.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1871}, \"display_date\": \"1871\", \"unique_id\": \"break-1871\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#6e1f1f\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-commune-rue-de-rivoli-1871.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-commune-rue-de-rivoli-1871.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Rue de Rivoli, Paris, after the defeat of the Commune, May 1871.\", \"caption\": \"Rue de Rivoli, Paris, after the defeat of the Commune, May 1871.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The Paris Commune\", \"text\": \"<p>It has been called the first communist revolt. For ten weeks in the spring of 1871 the Commune held Paris. In its last days its National Guard set fire to the great buildings of the city. The Tuileries Palace and the H\\u00f4tel de Ville burned, and the library of the Louvre was destroyed. The fires at the Louvre itself and at Notre-Dame were put out in time.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 250}, \"display_date\": \"c. 3rd century\", \"unique_id\": \"east-gandhara-maitreya\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-maitreya.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-maitreya.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya. Gandhara, c. 3rd century.\", \"caption\": \"Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya. Gandhara, c. 3rd century.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya\", \"text\": \"<p>Standing Bodhisattva, probably Maitreya (Buddha of the Future). Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), c. 3rd century. Schist.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1140}, \"display_date\": \"12th century\", \"unique_id\": \"east-dainichi\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-dainichi.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-dainichi.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha. Japan, Heian period, 12th century.\", \"caption\": \"Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha. Japan, Heian period, 12th century.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha\", \"text\": \"<p>Dainichi, the Cosmic Buddha (Mahavairocana). Japan, Heian period (794\\u20131185), 12th century. Wood with lacquer and gold leaf.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1800}, \"display_date\": \"18th\\u201319th century\", \"unique_id\": \"east-scholars-rock\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-qing-scholars-rock.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-qing-scholars-rock.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain. Qing dynasty.\", \"caption\": \"Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain. Qing dynasty.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain\", \"text\": \"<p>Rock in the Form of a Fantastic Mountain. Qing dynasty, 18th\\u201319th century(?). Black Lingbi limestone.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/rock-inspires-poets-and-painters\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1370}, \"display_date\": \"c. 1370\", \"unique_id\": \"east-wang-meng\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-wang-meng-simple-retreat.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-wang-meng-simple-retreat.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Wang Meng, Simple Retreat (detail), c. 1370.\", \"caption\": \"Wang Meng, Simple Retreat (detail), c. 1370.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Simple Retreat\", \"text\": \"<p>Wang Meng (c. 1308\\u20131385), Simple Retreat (detail), c. 1370. Late Yuan or early Ming dynasty.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 100}, \"display_date\": \"1st to mid-2nd century\", \"unique_id\": \"east-gandhara-buddha\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-buddha.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-gandhara-buddha.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Seated Buddha. Gandhara, 1st to mid-2nd century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\", \"caption\": \"Seated Buddha. Gandhara, 1st to mid-2nd century. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Seated Buddha\", \"text\": \"<p>Seated Buddha. Pakistan (ancient region of Gandhara), 1st to mid-2nd century. Bronze with traces of gold leaf. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/gandharan-schist-of-the-buddha-of-the-future\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1150}, \"display_date\": \"12th century\", \"unique_id\": \"east-tibet-buddha\", \"group\": \"East\", \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-tibet-buddha.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-east-tibet-buddha.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Buddha Shakyamuni. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\", \"caption\": \"Buddha Shakyamuni. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Buddha Shakyamuni\", \"text\": \"<p>Buddha Shakyamuni. Central Tibet, 12th century. The Buddha sits in meditation, his right hand lowered to call the earth to witness at the moment before his enlightenment. A flame rises from the crown of his head, a feature rarely shown.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -3600}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -3000}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 before 3000 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"west-prehistory\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-prehistory.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Flint handaxe, shaped by knapping.\", \"caption\": \"Flint handaxe, shaped by knapping.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Prehistory\", \"text\": \"<p>Long before writing, toolmakers shaped flint by knapping: striking flakes from the stone until an edge and a form remained.<\\\/p><p>In China: before the first dynasties.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -3000}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -800}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 3000\\u2013800 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"west-ancient-egypt\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-ancient-egypt.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Fragment of a Queen\\u2019s Face. From Egypt; in the collection of Lord Carnarvon (d. 1923), acquired from the Carnarvon estate, 1926.\", \"caption\": \"Fragment of a Queen\\u2019s Face. From Egypt; in the collection of Lord Carnarvon (d. 1923), acquired from the Carnarvon estate, 1926.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Ancient Egypt\", \"text\": \"<p>Fragment of a Queen\\u2019s Face. New Kingdom, mid Dynasty 18, reign of Amenhotep III or Akhenaten (c. 1353\\u20131336 BC). Jasper.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/childhood-museum-experience-egyptian-museum\\\" >Read the essay<\\\/a><\\\/p><p>In China at the same time: Shang, Zhou.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -800}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": -146}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 800\\u2013146 BC\", \"unique_id\": \"west-ancient-greece\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Ancient Greece\", \"text\": \"<p>In China at the same time: Zhou, Qin, Han.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": -146}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 476}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 146 BC\\u2013AD 476\", \"unique_id\": \"west-rome\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-rome.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Marble head of Socrates. Lent by the Dubroff family (L.1991.94.2).\", \"caption\": \"Marble head of Socrates. Lent by the Dubroff family (L.1991.94.2).\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Rome\", \"text\": \"<p>Marble head of Socrates. Roman, Imperial period; copy of a Greek bronze statue of c. 350 BC often attributed to Lysippos. The sculptor gave the philosopher the features of a silenos, the wise old teacher among the followers of Dionysos.<\\\/p><p>In China at the same time: Han, Six Dynasties.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 476}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1400}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 476\\u20131400\", \"unique_id\": \"west-middle-ages\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Middle Ages\", \"text\": \"<p>In China at the same time: Six Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1400}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1600}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 1400\\u20131600\", \"unique_id\": \"west-renaissance\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-renaissance-garbo.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-renaissance-garbo.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Raffaellino del Garbo, Mary with the Child and Two Angels Making Music. Gem\\u00e4ldegalerie, Berlin.\", \"caption\": \"Raffaellino del Garbo, Mary with the Child and Two Angels Making Music. Gem\\u00e4ldegalerie, Berlin.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Renaissance\", \"text\": \"<p>Raffaellino del Garbo (born Florence before 1479, died Florence 1524 or 1527), Mary with the Child and Two Angels Making Music. Gem\\u00e4ldegalerie, Berlin.<\\\/p><p>In China at the same time: Ming.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1600}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1750}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 1600\\u20131750\", \"unique_id\": \"west-baroque-and-rococo\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Baroque and Rococo\", \"text\": \"<p>In China at the same time: Ming, Qing.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1750}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1789}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 1750\\u20131789\", \"unique_id\": \"west-neoclassicism\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-revolution-paris-helen.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-period-revolution-paris-helen.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Jacques-Louis David, Paris and Helen. Private collection, New York.\", \"caption\": \"Jacques-Louis David, Paris and Helen. Private collection, New York.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"Neoclassicism\", \"text\": \"<p>Jacques-Louis David, Paris and Helen, c. 1786\\u201387. Oil on canvas. An oil sketch for The Loves of Paris and Helen, painted for the comte d\\u2019Artois and dated 1788, the year before the Bastille fell.<\\\/p><p>In China at the same time: Qing.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1789}, \"end_date\": {\"year\": 1900}, \"display_date\": \"West \\u00b7 1789\\u20131900\", \"unique_id\": \"west-after-the-revolution\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#234f47\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"After the Revolution\", \"text\": \"<p>In China at the same time: Qing.<\\\/p>\"}}, {\"start_date\": {\"year\": 1917}, \"display_date\": \"1917\", \"unique_id\": \"break-1917\", \"group\": \"West\", \"background\": {\"color\": \"#6e1f1f\"}, \"media\": {\"url\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ru-vladimirov-pogrom-1917.jpg\", \"thumbnail\": \"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/eleonora-timeline-ru-vladimirov-pogrom-1917.jpg\", \"alt\": \"Ivan Vladimirov, The Pogrom of the Winter Palace, 1917. Vladimirov painted what he saw in Petrograd that year.\", \"caption\": \"Ivan Vladimirov, The Pogrom of the Winter Palace, 1917. Vladimirov painted what he saw in Petrograd that year.\"}, \"text\": {\"headline\": \"The Russian Revolution\", \"text\": \"<p>The Russian revolutionaries looked to France: Lenin took the Paris Commune of 1871 as his model. After 1917 the Bolsheviks seized the imperial collections, the palaces and private houses, and in 1922 stripped the churches of their gold and silver. Under the Red Terror, and later under Stalin, clergy, collectors and artists were shot or sent to the camps. To pay for industry the Soviet state then sold the treasures abroad: about 250 paintings from the Hermitage and some fourteen imperial Faberg\\u00e9 eggs. Many of them reached America.<\\\/p><p><a class=\\\"read\\\" href=\\\"https:\/\/x.com\/EleonoraFall\/status\/1887660712589467742\\\" >Read my thread on the looting of the palaces<\\\/a><\\\/p>\"}}]};\nvar TL_SRC = 'https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/@knight-lab\/timelinejs@3.9.13\/dist\/js\/timeline.js';\nfunction startTimeline() {\nwindow.timeline = new TL.Timeline('timeline-embed', timelineData, {\nfont: null,\nhash_bookmark: false,\ntimenav_height_percentage: 40,\nmarker_width_min: 170,\ninitial_zoom: 2\n});\n(function () {\nvar root = document.getElementById('timeline-embed');\nvar fix = function () {\nvar w = document.createTreeWalker(root, NodeFilter.SHOW_TEXT), n;\nwhile ((n = w.nextNode())) if (n.nodeValue.indexOf('BCE') !== -1) n.nodeValue = n.nodeValue.replace(\/BCE\/g, 'BC');\nroot.querySelectorAll('.tl-timeaxis-tick').forEach(function (k) {\nvar s = k.textContent || ''; var m = s.match(\/\\d[\\d,]*\/);\nvar future = m && s.indexOf('BC') === -1 && parseInt(m[0].replace(\/,\/g, ''), 10) > 2000;\nvar v = future ? 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What this art history timeline follows This timeline sets the art of West and East side by side. It follows one thread [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"iawp_total_views":100,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-945","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Art History Timeline: West and East, Prehistory to 1900<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"An art history timeline: Western art beside the Chinese dynasties from prehistory to 1900, with Winckelmann\u2019s periods and the four revolutions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eleonora.nyc\/fr\/art-history-timeline\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" 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